The Importance of Improving the Digital Divide between All Countries of Different Socio

Introduction Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have emerged as the most important tools for development through their ability to connect people to information and knowledge. Through inventions such as the internet, people’s lives have been transformed and the world has been converted into a global village.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Importance of Improving the Digital Divide between All Countries of Different Socio-Economic Climates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Policy makers and scientists agree that ICT can play an important role in promoting development in a country. However, for this positive role of ICT to be realized, people have to enjoy adequate access to the ICT resources. As it currently stands, there is a great disparity in access between nations and this has led to a digital divide. These divide has been driven by socio-economic climates with the developed c ountries benefiting greatly from technology while developing countries do not enjoy the benefits accrued from the utilization of ICTs. This paper will discuss the importance of improving the Digital Divide between all countries of different socio-economic climates. It will begin by defining what the digital divide is and proceed to highlight some of the negative impacts of this divide. Digital Divide: A Definition The term divide is used to indicate a disparity between two parties in some context. Pick and Azari (2008) define the digital divide as the â€Å"rapidly growing disparities in the utilization, expenditure, and availability of technology between individuals, businesses, and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels† (p.91). As at 2004, the World Economic Forum reported that 88% of internet users were individuals from developed nations and this set of nations made up only 15% of the world population (Pick Azari, 2008). This points to a major division in th e intensity of ICT utilization in the world. There are two major types of digital divides. The first is the absolute difference in telecommunication infrastructure between nations while the second is the disparity within a nation between those who have effective access to communication resources and those who do not. Impacts of Digital Divide The digital divide puts the poorer nations that are unable to afford the relevant technology and the poor households who do not have effective access to communication resources available in their countries at a disadvantage. Because of the digital divide, most developing countries suffer from an acute lack of individuals with IT skills. The countries are therefore unable to make use of the vast amount of information that is accessible through the internet. Such countries continue to lurk behind when compared to the developing nations that have this valuable information at their disposal. Research indicates that millions of people in Africa do n ot have access to the internet and without this ability to communicate effectively; the continent will remain â€Å"poor and isolated, lacking the basic means to participate in the global society† (Allam 2007, p. 341).Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a world that is striving to create equality among all people, the digital divide promotes inequalities. Stevenson (2009) notes that â€Å"the socioeconomic demographics of the digital divide reproduce earlier inequalities based on class, race, and gender† (p.1). The digital divide is therefore not only limited to technology but it has the effect of accentuating the aforementioned inequalities. The link between access to ICT and economic well-being is elaborated by The Herald (2012) which reports that more than 90% of American adults of a upper middle class economic level had wired high-speed internet at their homes. Thi s is in contrast to the poor who have to rely on public access computing services in places such as libraries. The lack of adequate ICTs in developing countries has decreased the efficiency of many companies and made the cost of doing business prohibitive for some. Due to the digital divide, some organizations have limited exposure to information technology. Their expenses are higher since they do not have the adequate information to run efficiently and effectively. Organizations are at times unable to take advantage of technological advances and they continue to be disadvantaged at the global market. These companies are also unable to make adequate profits due to inequitably distribution of ICT resources. Pick and Azari (2008) observe that there is an uneven distribution of the benefits of ICT between developing and developed counties and this has a bearing on the productivity of companies in the respective countries. Importance of Improving the Digital Divide Improving the digital divide will provide nations with the knowledge needed to fuel their development. Information plays a crucial role in today’s knowledge based economy. It has become an essential component in the realization of a sustainable economic growth especially in the developing nations of the world. Allam (2007) argues that information, which is available easily and efficiently through well-developed ICTs, can lead to knowledge and this knowledge acts as the basis for development. By bridging the digital divide, all countries will have the opportunity to access this vast pool of information and knowledge available online. By doing this, the nations will experience economic growth as they exploit the knowledge provided through ICTs. The developed nations of the world have achieved their impressive economic growth and productivity due to technological changes. Through aggressive utilization of communication technologies, businesses and industries in these countries have been able to resh ape themselves and enhance their efficiency and effectiveness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Importance of Improving the Digital Divide between All Countries of Different Socio-Economic Climates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pick and Azari (2008) assert that the expansion of ICT has stimulated productivity by shortening product life cycles for manufacturers and reducing the importance of distance while conducting business. Improving the digital divide will ensure that developing nations have the same opportunity to enjoy efficiency and heightened productivity. As such, countries will be able to compete on an international level more proficiently if the digital divide is reduced or done away with completely. Improving the digital divide will give all nations an opportunity to benefit economically from e-commerce, which is fast becoming the future of business. The business world today is signific antly influenced by the e-commerce phenomenon that offers many major advantages to businesses everywhere. For this new way of doing business to take place, participants must have good telecommunications networks that will enable them to conduct business deals, share commercial information, and maintain business relationships (Zwass 2003). The efficiency and convenience offered by e-commerce has made it very attractive to the market and consumers and businesspeople in developing countries have exploited this technology to their advantage. As such, the industrialized countries have been the main beneficiaries of e-commerce due to their well-developed ICT infrastructure. If the digital divide is improved, developing nations will also be able to benefit from such opportunities. Day (2009) observes that by encouraging small and medium sized businesses in developing countries to embrace e-commerce, economic growth can be promoted in the country. The very act of improving the digital divid e will lead to a creation of many jobs and business opportunities for the community. Bridging the digital divide will require a marked improvement in the telecommunication infrastructure of the nation in question and an increase in the level of skills for using ICT (Norris 2001). Improving infrastructure will make use of the local labour force, which will be utilized in the physical setting up of communication devices. Once the infrastructure is in place, people will have to be trained to become adept at utilizing ICT resources. This will lead to the creation of a new market for trainers who will be responsible for developing the labour force proficient in the use of ICT. Improving the digital divide will increase the learning opportunities for the citizens of the country regardless of their socioeconomic status. Technological advances over the decade have made it possible to engage in innovative methods of education such as online learning.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Online education has not only made education accessible to more people but it has also decreased the cost of education significantly. Traditionally, people of low-income standings have been locked out of education due to its relatively high cost. With technology, education is relatively cheaper and therefore within the reach of this lower income group. In addition to this Haythornthwaite (2004) asserts that through online education, the capacity of educational institutions can be expanded therefore overcoming the problem of resource limitation that many developing nations face. Increased learning opportunities will translate to increased job opportunities for the citizens of the nation therefore improving the economic status of individuals and the nation as a whole. Improving the digital divide will ensure that all world citizens are given equal opportunity to benefit from ICT resources. The current disparities that exist have led to a scenario where some are empowered through their limitless access to ICT while others suffer from a lack of access to ICT. The individuals with access have been able to improve their livelihood through the ICT and continue to access even more oncoming technology. On the other hand, the other group suffers from limited development due to the lack of access. This later group is mostly confined to the developing countries, which do not have adequate access to the information and communication technologies that are needed to improve their livelihoods. If the digital divide is bridged, this disenfranchised group will have the opportunities needed to participate in an information society and economy with positive outcomes for their livelihoods. Improving the digital divide will lead to better governance since it will lead to societies that are more democratic. Couldry (2007) suggests that the digital divide has a consequence on the working of democracy with inequality of access being accompanied by less accountability and non-democrati c governance. Increased access to the ICT and especially the internet will enhance the creation of democratic society by fostering public participation in the issues of governance. Through the internet, people who were previously voiceless will have a say in their government and engage more in the decision making process. Bridging the digital divide will ensure that more people are able to access common spaces where they can safely and confidently engage with each other on public issues (Couldry 2007). ICT will also provide the administration with a more effective way of providing feedback to citizens. The values of democracy will therefore be promoted by improving the digital divide. Improving the digital divide might lead to the resolution of the social inequalities that have plagued society for centuries. In the attempt to bridge the digital divide, the deeper social inequalities will have to be addressed. Stevenson (2009) elaborates that improving the digital divide will entail more than just providing access to ICTs for members of the society who previously lacked this access. Even if the populations at risk are given access to ICTs, they might be unable to use it to significantly improve their life-chances if the issues of social or economic inequality are not addressed. Stevenson (2009) declares that while addressing the problem of physical access is a step in the right direction, it must be augmented by the resolution of deeper social inequalities. Bridging the digital divide will therefore lead to a lasting solution to inequality issues. Conclusion The ICT revolution that has taken place over the last decade has led to immense benefits being enjoyed globally. However, these benefits of ICT have been confined to some sections of society therefore creating a digital divide. This paper set out to discuss the importance of improving the digital divide. It has noted that bridging the digital divide will be integral to the acceleration of economic growth an d development in most developing countries. From the discussions given in this paper, it is clear that improving the digital divide will lead to many benefits for nations and individuals from all socioeconomic groups. Governments and organizations should therefore engage in steps to implement solutions that will eliminate the digital divide and therefore ensure that all people enjoy the benefits of ICT. References Allam, A 2007, ‘Open Access Towards Bridging the Digital Divide–Policies and Strategies for Developing Countries’, Information Technology for Development, vol. 13, no.4, pp. 337–361. Couldry, N 2007, ‘New Media for Global Citizens’, The Future of the Digital Divide Debate, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 249-261. Day, A 2009, Large organisations role in bridging the digital divide, https://cyber.harvard.edu/wsis/Day.html. Haythornthwaite, C 2004, Learning, culture, and community in online education: research and practice, Peter Lang, Quebec. Nor ris, P. 2001. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pick, JB Azari, R 2008, ‘Global Digital Divide: Influence of Socioeconomic, Governmental, and Accessibility Factors on Information Technology’, Information Technology for Development, vol. 14 no.2, pp. 91–115. Stevenson, S 2009, ‘Digital Divide: A Discursive Move Away from the Real Inequities’, The Information Society, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–22. The Herald 2012, Bridging the digital divide, https://www.heraldnet.com/opinion/bridging-the-digital-divide/. This research paper on The Importance of Improving the Digital Divide between All Countries of Different Socio-Economic Climates was written and submitted by user Norah Stuart to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essays

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essays Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay Technology has played an of import in portion in market and in the society. It has brought positive every bit good as negative alterations. The patterned advance from sheet music to the innovation of a record player to the Walkman. Cadmium participant and the iPod has created a modernised society. Peoples tend to travel along with these alterations making a market. The thought of reassigning digital music to your iPod without purchase of a Cadmium or an audiotape may look like an extraordinary thought but the thought of digital music has led to the downloading of illegal music. The Walkman may hold been the turning point in the music entering industry. It was a concatenation reaction for ulterior merchandises such as the iPod and the CD participant. Long before the iPod made its manner into the market doing 1000000s ; the Walkman was the voguish engineering. Sony introduced the Walkman in the seventiess. a new innovation that led to be a monolithic hit. Sony ended up selling around 50 thousand pieces by the terminal of two months after its release. Finally. other celebrated trade names such as Toshiba and Panasonic entered the walkman market making a market in the early 1980s. Surprisingly. the production of the Walkman led to an addition in physical activities. This portable device could be carried anywhere and had a hook to attach to any point of vesture. Peoples started exerting more as one can listen to his or her pick of music while working out particularly in secondary schools. This brought a alteration in the society as people began to implement physical preparation more frequently. This besides had a disadvantage since people who had their earphones plugged in tend to be more apathetic to their milieus. This created an environment. where everyone is tuned in into their small environment being unmindful to what is go oning around them. With the creative activity of Walkman. the sale of digital sound tapes besides increased. As iPods are the twenty-first century popular signifiers of music participant engineering. the Walkman was the latest thing. This coevals became more wired’ as adolescents started to turn apart from the impression of immature people together singing the vocals of the twenty-four hours or the old vocals in forepart of their houses. Sheet music became disused. as fewer and fewer people moved to a more modernised engineering and epoch. Comparing to the progresss in the twenty-first century. the Walkman is seen as an old portable sound cassette participant. where rewinding and send oning a vocal would take 20 or 30 seconds. The latest music engineering. mp3s or iPod. hold put people at an easiness with sophisticated engineering and its touch screen show has bought a alteration in this profit-making concern. The slipperiness construction and the advanced A Walkman today would be you simply twenty dollar where as an iPod can be anyplace from a hundred to a twosome hundred dollars. How digital music is illicitly downloaded and used today on music participants. Walkman on the other manus required the purchase of audiotapes. As Paul Du Gay notes in his book Doing cultural surveies: the narrative of the Sony Walkman’ . the Walkman accustomed persons to tune out from the milieus and caused them to be recluse. This besides led to a cause of a gneration spread between adolescents and their parents or older siblings. The Walkman was used by people when in crowded topographic points. such as trains or coachs as a agency to submerge away noises. This seemed as an effectual manner to making your ain infinite but this finally leads to people tuning themselves out even when at place. Adolescents liked to maintain their earphones on throughout the twenty-four hours ; I believe this led to a distance between them and their equals. Finally. a type of distance grew among people. sheet music was about nonextant and the customary rite of singing together was far disappeared. In decision. the Walkman has decidedly been a leap from the traditional tape recording equipment participants to portable audio participants. Its creative activity has had its advantages and disadvantages. The addition in the degree of physical activity has increased among the proprietors of Walkman due to the fact that it is portable. Although. on a downside the Walkman has besides led to the creative activity of a privy attitude.

USS Maine Explosion and the Spanish-American War

USS Maine Explosion and the Spanish-American War The sinking of USS Maine took place on February 15, 1898, and contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War that April. After years of unrest in Cuba, tensions began to re-escalate in the 1890s. Seeking to calm the American public, which had been calling for intervention, and to protect business interests, President William McKinley ordered the US Navy to dispatch a warship to Havana. Arriving in January 1898, USS Maine sank on February 15 after an explosion tore through the ship. Initial reports concluded that Maine had been sunk by a naval mine. Sparking a wave of outrage across the United States, the loss of the ship helped push the nation towards war. Though a later report in 1911 also concluded that a mine caused the explosion, some began to believe that it was the result of a coal dust fire. A subsequent investigation in 1974 also favored the coal dust theory though its findings have been contested. Background Since the late 1860s, efforts had been underway in Cuba to end Spanish colonial rule. In 1868, the Cubans began a ten-year rebellion against their Spanish overlords. Though it was crushed in 1878, the war had generated widespread support for the Cuban cause in the United States. Seventeen years later, in 1895, the Cubans again rose up in the revolution. To combat this, the Spanish government dispatched General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau to crush the rebels. Arriving in Cuba, Weyler began a brutal campaign against the Cuban people which involved the use of concentration camps in rebellious provinces. This approach led to the death of over 100,000 Cubans and Weyler was promptly nicknamed the Butcher by the American press. Stories of atrocities in Cuban were played up by the yellow press, and the public put increasing pressure on Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley to intervene. Working through diplomatic channels, McKinley was able to defuse the situation and Weyler was recalled to Spain in late 1897. The following January, supporters of Weyler began a series of riots in Havana. Concerned for American citizens and business interests in the area, McKinley elected to send a warship to the city. Arriving in Havana After discussing this course of action with the Spanish and receiving their blessing, McKinley passed his request to the US Navy. To fulfill the presidents orders, the second-class battleship USS Maine was detached from the North Atlantic Squadron at Key West on January 24, 1898. Commissioned in 1895, Maine possessed four 10 guns and was capable of steaming at 17 knots. With a crew of 354, Maine had spent the entirety of its brief career operating along the eastern seaboard. Commanded by Captain Charles Sigsbee, Maine entered Havana harbor on January 25, 1898. USS Maine entering Havana harbor, January 1898. US Department of Defense Anchoring in the center of the harbor, Maine was afforded the usual courtesies by the Spanish authorities. Though the arrival of Maine had a calming effect on the situation in the city, the Spanish remained wary of American intentions. Wishing to prevent a possible incident involving his men, Sigsbee restricted them to the ship and no liberty was given. In the days after Maines arrival, Sigsbee met regularly with the US Consul, Fitzhugh Lee. Discussing the state of affairs on the island, they both recommended that another ship be sent when it was time for Maine to depart. Rear Admiral Charles D. Sigsbee. US Naval History and Heritage Command Loss of Maine At 9:40 on the evening of February 15, the harbor was lit by a massive explosion that ripped through the forward section of Maine as five tons of powder for the ships guns detonated. Destroying the forward third of the ship, Maine sank into the harbor. Immediately, assistance came from the American steamer City of Washington and the Spanish cruiser Alfonso XII, with boats circling the burning remains of the battleship to collect the survivors. All told, 252 were killed in the blast, with another eight dying ashore in the days that followed. Investigation Throughout the ordeal, the Spanish showed great compassion for the injured and respect for the dead American sailors. Their behavior led Sigsbee to inform the Navy Department that public opinion should be suspended until further report, as he felt that the Spanish were not involved in the sinking of his ship. To investigate the loss of Maine, the Navy swiftly formed a board of inquiry. Due to the state of the wreck and a lack of expertise, their investigation was not as thorough as subsequent efforts. On March 28, the board announced that the ship had been sunk by a naval mine. The boards finding unleashed a wave of public outrage across the United States and fueled calls for war. While not the cause of the Spanish-American War, shouts of Remember the Maine! served to accelerate the approaching diplomatic impasse over Cuba. On April 11, McKinley asked Congress for permission to intervene in Cuba and ten days later ordered a naval blockade of the island. This final step led to Spain declaring war on April 23, with the United States following suit on the 25th. Aftermath In 1911, a second inquiry was made into the sinking of Maine following a request to remove the wreck from the harbor. Constructing a cofferdam around the ships remains, the salvage effort permitted investigators to probe the wreck. Examining the bottom hull plates around the forward reserve magazine, investigators found that they were bent inward and back. Using this information they again concluded that a mine had been detonated under the ship. While accepted by the Navy, the boards findings were disputed by experts in the field, some of whom put forward a theory that the combustion of coal dust in a bunker adjacent to the magazine had sparked the explosion. Workers preparing to raise the wreck of USS Maine, 1910. US Naval History and Heritage Command The case of USS Maine was reopened in 1974, by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover who believed that modern science might be able to provide an answer to the ships loss. After consulting experts and reexamining the documents from the first two investigations, Rickover and his team concluded that the damage was inconsistent with that caused by a mine. Rickover stated that the most likely cause was a coal dust fire. In the years after Rickovers report, his findings have been disputed and to this day there has been no final answer as to what caused the explosion.

Guns law in the united states Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Guns law in the united states - Essay Example â€Å"†¦a well regulated Militia†¦,† to argue that the amendment meant that it is states and not citizens that have the right to use arms for self-defense. The U.S. Supreme Court has in instances used the collective rights approach and in other instances, the Court has favored the individual right approach. When the Court upholds a collective rights approach, it gives the government the authority to regulate firearm without implicating the Second Amendment. Upholding the individual right approach denies a government the authority to deny citizens the right to possess firearms (Kwon et al 41). Federal laws relating to the regulation of firearms are contained in the chapter forty four of the U.S. Constitution. The federal law prohibits the possession of guns that have serial numbers showing they were manufactured after May 19, 1986 but with exceptions. It is prohibited under federal law to carry short-barreled shotguns, short-barreled rifles, machine guns, silencers and destructive devices unless registered with the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record. Federal law prohibits the possession of firearms by persons including felons, fugitives, users and addicts of controlled substances, mentally defective, illegal aliens, dishonorably discharged from the armed forces, those who renounce U.S. citizenship and those convicted of domestic violence. The commerce of firearms with prohibited persons is prohibited under federal law. Use of firearm in drug trafficking or in the commission of a crime of violence is prohibited under federal law. Under the Brady Act, the fe deral law requires law enforcement officials to conduct background checks before the purchase of handguns. In addition, the federal law prohibits the possession of guns by juveniles less than eighteen years of age. It is also illegal under the federal law to possess a gun in a school (Spitzer 34). There are some gun laws that are common to a number of states and there are gun laws that are

With specific reference to the UK economy over the past 20 years, Essay

With specific reference to the UK economy over the past 20 years, critically discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of operating a floating exchange rate regime - Essay Example In a floating exchange rate system, the market forces determine the value of the currency; that is, by the interactions of several of banks, firms and other institutions seeking to sell and buy currency for the purposes of clearing transactions, arbitrage, hedging, and speculation. In October 1990, the UK joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), where the Sterling Pound was fixed against other currencies. In September 1992, UK left the ERM when the pound experienced sustained selling pressure, and the monetary authorities could no longer justify extremely high interest rates to maintain the value of the pound, when the domestic economy was under a deep recession. Since 1992, UK has adopted a flexible exchange rate system; there is no official intervention by the Bank of England to the currency markets to attain the desired level of exchange rate (Roderick & Paul 2004, p.143). The following are the key arguments in favor of a flexible exchange rate. First, reduced necessity for currency reserves; there is no target for an exchange rate level meaning there is little necessity for the Bank of England to hold large scale reserves of foreign currency and gold to use in possible official intervention, in the currency markets. However, in the real world, for example, in UK, the government always has some currency reserves, in case of balance of payments crisis, or the sentiment that the Sterling Pound is getting a bit too low or too high (Karl 2010, p.182). Second, useful tool of macroeconomic adjustment; a floating exchange rate may act as a useful instrument of macroeconomic adjustment. For example, depreciation of the currency should provide a boost in demand of net exports and thereby stimulate growth. This assumes that the higher wage claims or export prices do not dissolve the achievements from a low exchange rate as noted

The resistance of the wire Essay Example for Free

The resistance of the wire Essay The atoms take up more space so there is more chance of the electrons being caught by them; more energy is going to be lost as heat. As temperature increases so does resistance. If we increase the cross section there will be a bigger area, so more free electrons available for conduction. More free electrons means a larger current so a better conductor, meaning lower resistance. Materials should effect resistance also because different materials have different amounts of free electrons. The more free electrons means better conductor so lower resistance. Resistance of different materials will vary. I predict that from my experiment my graph will have a straight diaganol line like this. Planning As we increase the length of the wire we will be measuring the voltage when the current is at 1amp. Using these results we will work out the resistance. We do this because we need to find out if the length of a wire effects the resistance of the wire. And from these results find out how we can reduce the resistance of the wire. When measuring we will have to be accurate and make sure that the crocodile clips on the wire are exactly in line with the right measurements. Even 1mm can change the results dramatically. We will also have to ensure that the wire is pulled taught because if its bent up a bit its not stretched out to its full length so are measurements will be wrong and could effect the experiment. We will also make sure that the current does not go over 1-amp. Because the prelim work showed us that after this amount the test will be unfair, and it will be impossible to ensure the results are valid. Because the sellotape melts, and the wire expands and looses shape. In order to get accurate results we will do three repeats of the experiment. Are results are more reliable then because we have three to look at so we know what the measurements should roughly be around and any major errors will stand out. Analysis From doing my experiment and looking at my results I found out that as the length of the wire increases, the resistance increases. This shows that my predictions were accurate as this is what I predicted. From looking at the graph I also notice that it is a straight diagonal line, which is how I predicted it to be. This shows it is directly proportional. As the length of the wire doubles there is double the chance that the electrons will get captured by the metal atoms. Therefore double the resistance. Double length=double resistance 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 gradient = up = ? across cm Evaluation I think my experiment worked well because my results were as I predicted them to be and I did a fair test. Also there wasnt any major errors. From looking at my graph I can see it is a straight diaganol line just as I predicted. This shows it is directly proportional. To imrove my experiment and get more accurate results I could nail or solder the wire down to the ruler. This way it is more secure than the sellotape and it cant move out of position. Instead of using crocodile clips, as these could put a kink in the wire. I could use a knife edge or something metal to just touch the wire, as this is a conductor so still allows a current to flow through. I think I have enough results to be sure of what I wrote in my conclusion. I think this because my results prove the theory as length increases resistance increases. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Wuthering Heights - Series of Contrasts :: essays research papers

A) Catherine’s love for Heathcliff is torn between both Heathcliff and Edgar Linton – conflicting loyalties. Her love for Heathcliff is prompted by impulses to disregard social conventions. Her love for Heathcliff causes her to throw tantrums and to run around the moor. She considers Heathcliff her soul mate: their life growing up together, their enjoyable times on the moor, and her freedom and innocence of her childhood. â€Å"If I’ve done wrong, I’m dying for it. It is enough! You left me too – but I won’t upbraid you! I forgive you. Forgive me!† represents Catherine’s love and yet her cruel treatment of Heathcliff for marrying Edgar to attain material and social gains. B) In chapter 17 Isabelle returns to the Grange in physical disarray. She saw Heathcliff as a romantic figure, like a character one would find in a novel. Yet, her decision to go with Heathcliff ruins her life. He never returns her feelings and treats her as a tool in his perusal of revenge on the Linton family. C) Both women have an initial desire to be with Heathcliff, while only Isabella ends up marrying Heathcliff. Heathcliff’s love for Isabella is a mere tool to achieve his ultimate goal of revenge. He marries her as a mean of revenge. On the other hand, Heathcliff and Catherine would complete each other, they are soul-mates. Neither of their experiences are successful and they both do not get what they originally desired (the love of their life). 2. A) When Hindley's wife Frances dies shortly after giving birth to their son Hareton, Hindley lapses into alcoholism and dissipation. Nelly expected Hindley to become sober and attend his wife’s funeral. â€Å"'Yesterday, you know, Mr. Earnshaw should have been at the funeral. He kept himself sober for the purpose - tolerably sober: not going to bed mad at six o'clock and getting up drunk at twelve. Consequently, he rose, in suicidal low spirits, as fit for the church as for a dance; and instead, he sat down by the fire and swallowed gin or brandy by tumblerfuls.† B) â€Å"But, I thought in my mind, Hindley, with apparently the stronger head, has shown himself sadly the worse and the weaker man. When his ship struck, the captain abandoned his post; and the crew, instead of trying to save her, rushed into riot and confusion, leaving no hope for their luckless vessel. Linton, on the contrary, displayed the true courage of a loyal and faithful soul: he trusted God; and God comforted him† Wuthering Heights - Series of Contrasts :: essays research papers A) Catherine’s love for Heathcliff is torn between both Heathcliff and Edgar Linton – conflicting loyalties. Her love for Heathcliff is prompted by impulses to disregard social conventions. Her love for Heathcliff causes her to throw tantrums and to run around the moor. She considers Heathcliff her soul mate: their life growing up together, their enjoyable times on the moor, and her freedom and innocence of her childhood. â€Å"If I’ve done wrong, I’m dying for it. It is enough! You left me too – but I won’t upbraid you! I forgive you. Forgive me!† represents Catherine’s love and yet her cruel treatment of Heathcliff for marrying Edgar to attain material and social gains. B) In chapter 17 Isabelle returns to the Grange in physical disarray. She saw Heathcliff as a romantic figure, like a character one would find in a novel. Yet, her decision to go with Heathcliff ruins her life. He never returns her feelings and treats her as a tool in his perusal of revenge on the Linton family. C) Both women have an initial desire to be with Heathcliff, while only Isabella ends up marrying Heathcliff. Heathcliff’s love for Isabella is a mere tool to achieve his ultimate goal of revenge. He marries her as a mean of revenge. On the other hand, Heathcliff and Catherine would complete each other, they are soul-mates. Neither of their experiences are successful and they both do not get what they originally desired (the love of their life). 2. A) When Hindley's wife Frances dies shortly after giving birth to their son Hareton, Hindley lapses into alcoholism and dissipation. Nelly expected Hindley to become sober and attend his wife’s funeral. â€Å"'Yesterday, you know, Mr. Earnshaw should have been at the funeral. He kept himself sober for the purpose - tolerably sober: not going to bed mad at six o'clock and getting up drunk at twelve. Consequently, he rose, in suicidal low spirits, as fit for the church as for a dance; and instead, he sat down by the fire and swallowed gin or brandy by tumblerfuls.† B) â€Å"But, I thought in my mind, Hindley, with apparently the stronger head, has shown himself sadly the worse and the weaker man. When his ship struck, the captain abandoned his post; and the crew, instead of trying to save her, rushed into riot and confusion, leaving no hope for their luckless vessel. Linton, on the contrary, displayed the true courage of a loyal and faithful soul: he trusted God; and God comforted him†

Meaning of Arbitration

Courts are over bounded with a large number of cases and their disposal takes long time. Therefore a need was felt for a faster dispute resolving mechanism. That’s why â€Å"Arbitration Act† was provided with a view to give speedy justice to the people and also to avoid unnecessary court case expenses. It is an informal dispute settlement mechanism. Bangladesh has recently enacted a new arbitration law, known as â€Å"The Arbitration Act, 2001. The Act came into force on April 10, 2001. The Act has repealed The Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937 and The Arbitration Act, 1940. With this new enactment Bangladesh has kept pace with the recent trends in the field of international arbitration in the rest of the world. According to the topic of this assignment, I also agree that although arbitration was introduced for settling dispute but it is not serving it purpose entirely and precisely. Now I’m going to discuss about the reasons which are making difficulty for arbitration to serve its purpose completely. Meaning of Arbitration: Before discussing about the ineffectuality’s of arbitration, first we should briefly know what Arbitration really means. The word â€Å"Arbitration† means mediation, negotiation, adjudication etc. This means settlement of arguments, disagreement, and clash between two parties. It is a process in which a disagreement between two or more parties is resolved by impartial individuals, called arbitrators, in order to avoid costly and lengthy court case or legal actions. Arbitration is the most traditional form of dispute resolution. Arbitration is a binding procedure. It is often administered by a private organization that maintains lists of available arbitrators and provides rules under which the arbitration will be conducted. Such organizations can also manage the arbitration in whole or in part. Parties often select arbitrators on the basis of substantive expertise. Arbitration is adjudicatory, as opposed to advisory, because of the fact that the arbitrator (usually a retired judge or attorney) renders a decision at the end of an arbitration hearing, and that decision is final and binding, subject only to a very limited court review. Arbitration is sometimes referred to as â€Å"non-binding† if the parties agree to make it so, but that is really a misnomer. Think of arbitration as a binding, adjudicatory process. Arbitration is a process of resolving a dispute or a grievance outside a court system by presenting it for decision to a neutral third party. Both sides in the dispute usually must agree in advance to the choice of arbitrator and certify that they will agree to the arbitrator's decision. The Arbitration procedures differ from the procedures of courts, especially presentation of evidence. Arbitration avoids costly litigation and offers a relatively speedy resolution as well as privacy for the disputants. The main disadvantage is that setting guidelines is difficult therefore the outcome is often less predictable than a court decision. The reasons for selecting Arbitration rather than Court: * Speedier resolution; however, there can be exceptions due to multiple parties, arbitrators, lawyers and litigation strategy. * Less costly; however, there can be exceptions due to multiple parties, lawyers, arbitrators and litigation strategy. Not a public hearing; there is no public record of the proceedings. Confidentiality is required of the arbitrator and by agreement the whole dispute and the resolution of it can be subject to confidentiality imposed on the parties, their experts and attorneys by so providing in the arbitration agreement. * From defense point of view, there is less exposure to punitive damages and run away juries. * Limited discovery because it is controlled by what the parties have agreed upon and it is all controlled by the arbitrator. Often, the arbitration process is less adversarial than litigation which helps to maintain business relationships between the parties. * The arbitration is more informal than litigation. * The finality of the arbitration award and the fact that normally there is no right of appeal to the courts to change the award. So after the discussion we can say that, arbitration is a dispute resolution processes in which the disputing parties present their case to a third party intermediary (or a panel of arbitrators) that examine all the evidence and then make a decision for the parties. This decision is usually binding. Like court-based adjudication, arbitration is adversarial. The presentations are made to prove one side right, the other wrong. Thus the parties assume they are working against each other, not cooperatively. Arbitration is generally not as formal as court adjudication, however, and the rules can be altered to some extent to meet the parties’ needs. Why arbitration as dispute settlement mechanism is not effective: Now let’s discuss the about the chapters of arbitration which are making Arbitration less effective. Although settling dispute through arbitration is one of the most traditionally approved to methods for resolving disputes between individuals and parties, there are some lacking. Some disputes may not prove best resolved through arbitration either. Arbitration, itself, is a process of two parties mutually agreeing to allow a third, impartial party make a decision regarding an outstanding dispute. The decisions from an arbitrator are legally binding, and are enforceable in the court of law per the Arbitration Act, as well as numerous state and local laws following the federal legislation. Unless in cases of corruption, fraud, or other circumstances that would affect an arbitrator’s ability to remain neutral, almost all arbitration rulings are final. Additionally, the courts may rule against the decision and rulings of an arbitrator if the decision is against one party without basis. Arbitration also leaves no room for an appeals process in the vast majority of instances. This is a risk parties and individuals should seriously assess prior to engaging in arbitration, as well as when considering the methods for resolving their disputes. Following are some limitation which makes arbitration less effective: * There is no right of appeal even if the arbitrator makes a mistake of fact or law. However, there are some limitations on that rule, the exact limitations are difficult to define, except in general terms, and are fact driven. * There is no right of discovery unless the arbitration agreement so provides or the parties stipulate to allow discovery or the arbitrator permits discovery. * The arbitration process may not be fast and it may not be inexpensive, particularly when there is a panel of arbitrators. An arbitration award cannot be the basis of a claim for malicious prosecution. * Except in certain circumstances, non-signatories of the arbitration agreement cannot be compelled to arbitrate. * The large cost of legal fees in litigating a dispute. * The ability of parties to appeal to a higher court after losing at the trial court level and the lack of finality. * The fact that neither the jury or the judge may not have any knowledge nor experience with the subject matter of the dispute between the parties which results in the parties having to educate the judge as to the law and custom and practice. The ability to appeal to higher court adverse rulings on procedural. * Unknown bias and competency of the arbitrator unless the arbitration agreement set up the qualifications or the organization that administers the arbitration, has pre-qualified the arbitrator. Also, in the arbitration process, there is a limited period of discovery, which can lead to surprise evidence or testimony occurring during an arbitration process, which a party may or may not be able to effectively refute at the time of their arbitration hearing. Likewise, there is no jury to decide the outcome of a dispute, but rather, the decision rests solely in the hands of the arbitrators, whom usually consist of one individual or a panel of three persons, that may or may not be able to remain entirely impartial during all proceedings regarding all matters. Why â€Å"Arbitration Act 2001† is not fully serving according to its purpose? Arbitration in Bangladesh is governed by the Arbitration Act 2001. This Act repealed both the Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act 1937 and the Arbitration Act of 1940 and consolidates the domestic and international arbitration regime in Bangladesh. In mid-2004, the Bangladesh Council of Arbitration (BCA) was established as an arbitral body. The BCA rules have not yet been finalized. Arbitration in Bangladesh is governed by the Arbitration Act 2001. This is based on the UNCITRAL model law. Here are some reason for which Arbitration Act 2001 is failing to serve the purpose for which it was enacted: * There are difficulties in enforcing arbitration awards in Bangladesh. The difficulty is greater if it is a foreign party seeking to enforce an award against a local party. Where the arbitration is convened abroad, there have been instances where the Bangladeshi courts have allowed legal proceedings which interfered with the issues raised in the foreign arbitration. The Act provides that an international arbitral award can be enforced as if it were a decree of the domestic court. * Arbitration varies on the subject matters that mean weather parties will go for arbitration or not it depends on the context of arbitration contract. That contract has to be a written contract. Moreover, only those disputes on which parties has agreed previously will be considered as arbitration context. So, if someone wants to add another context which is far more important as well can’t do it as it was not mentioned before. * In case of cost it also may be huge sometimes. Although it is considered that parties goes for arbitration for lowering the cost of court case still some arbitrator may ask for big amount of money from the parties. So fee of the arbitrator is both expensive and inexpensive. As for the parties who does not want to give huge amount of money faces difficulties for going for arbitration. Generally, costs are not awarded to the winning party, although there is no law preventing the tribunal from doing so. * Thus, according to the new Bangladesh Act, a party to international commercial arbitration has to qualify as: (i) an individual who is a national of, or habitually resident in, any country other than Bangladesh; (ii) A body corporate which is incorporated in any country other than Bangladesh; (iii) A company or an association or a body of individuals whose central management and control is exercised in any country other than Bangladesh; or (iv) The government of a foreign country. This means that a commercial dispute between two Bangladeshi nationals having places of business even in different States cannot be considered the subject matter of international commercial arbitration under the new Act, which would be otherwise possible under the Model Law * In section 3 of Arbitration Act 2001, it says that this act will be only applied if the place of arbitration is in Bangladesh. * The Arbitration Act does not make provision for confidentiality in arbitration proceedings. If this is important to the parties then this should be dealt with in the arbitration clause. They are bound to maintain confidentiality. But they don’t maintain it properly. * There are no available institutional rules specific to Bangladesh. Parties are free to agree on the rules to govern the arbitration. In the absence of an agreement, and where the rules selected by the parties do not cover a particular circumstance, the Act sets certain default rules. * Under the Act, no judicial authority (including the courts) is allowed to hear any legal proceedings commenced by any of the parties to an arbitration agreement. However, section 7A of the Act contains an exception to this general rule. Under section 7A, the High Court Division, before or during arbitration may, inter alia, take interim protective measures in respect of goods or property included in arbitration agreement. * Under the Act, the only grounds for challenge are if: (i) circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to their independence and impartiality (ii) The arbitrator does not possess the qualifications agreed by the parties. Where international commercial arbitration is concerned, a challenge against an arbitrator must first be made to the arbitral tribunal. An appeal against the decision of the tribunal goes to the High Court Division of the Supreme Court. The procedure for challenge may be modified by agreement. * As in court-based adjudication, arbitration outcomes are typically win-lose, not win-win. Thus, the arbitrator usually decides that one side was right and the other wrong. They do not often go out of their way to develop new approaches for meeting the interests of both sides simultaneously, as a mediator would do, though if a win-win solution is apparent, the arbitrator would probably recommend it. Conclusion and recommendation: The prior examination of the new Bangladesh Act, 2001 from a comparative perspective shows that the Bangladesh legal regime has embraced the fundamental tenets of modernization of international arbitration such as (i) party autonomy; (ii) minimal judicial intervention in arbitration; (iii) independence of the arbitral tribunal; (iv) fair, expeditious and economical resolution of disputes and (v) effective enforcement of arbitral awards. This modernization has also been brought about in the context of domestic arbitration. As the new Act is now about ten years old, it will be more mature to express any judgment on its efficacy as an arbitral legal regime and the impact it will have in the future for Bangladesh as a place for settlement of international commercial and investment disputes by arbitration. Certainly, Bangladesh, being a prospective destination for increasing foreign investment in the future, has made a positive step in the right direction by enacting the new law on arbitration. No doubt, there is still room for improvement in the Act itself as indicated above. It must be appreciated that in order to make Bangladesh an attractive place for much-needed foreign investment, for economic growth and development, and for alternative dispute resolution. Bangladesh needs more than a mere piece of legislation on arbitration at the present time. The Government and the judiciary, as well as the legal profession, must take initiatives and make constant efforts towards the development of legal infrastructure and institution building in the field of alternative dispute resolution, including arbitration. In this respect the following tentative suggestions may be worth considering: * When interpreting the new Act Bangladesh courts should not be detracted from the spirit of modernization of arbitration as a global phenomenon. * The members of the judiciary as well as the legal profession must appreciate the reality that in this era of globalization dispute settlement by alternative methods is not only a domestic matter, but also an increasingly growing international phenomenon in the context of cross-border transactions. They have to be open to absorbing international values, norms and principles while performing their professional functions in the field of international dispute settlement. * The need to create a specialist arbitration bench in the High Court Division may arise for the purpose of dealing with international arbitration matters more effectively and professionally. * Specialist bench may be constituted by appointing a certain number of judges in the High Court Division with the appropriate expertise and background in the field of arbitration. The Government, the Bar and the Bench must attend to the development of the culture of arbitration in Bangladesh. Judges and lawyers must be aware of the value of alternative dispute resolution when the courts are heavily overburdened with caseloads. They must actively promote arbitration. * The Government and professional organizations should promote arbitration and ADR and enhance the understanding of them by sponsoring and conducting educational and training programs for both the bar and the bench and for arbitration.

Mlk Rhetorical Analysis

Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream†? The â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech has very simple diction and context. The author of the â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech is Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. King and is known for his work in Civil Rights during the late 1950s and mid1960s. The purpose of this speech is to inspire change in both white and black citizens of the United States during the Civil Rights era. The main idea of the speech is to convince both sides of the discussion that they must accept change in a non-violent yet effective way.Finally, the audience of the speech is very broad as it spans across all colors and ages however, one should note that since the speech is given in Washington, it can be assumed that the speech attempts to engage lawmaker’s and policy maker’s ears. The tone of Dr. King’s speech is somewhat narrative yet argumentative. The speech conveys many of his personal thoughts and experiences . However, there is a strong position taken against the crimes of â€Å"white† citizens and the nation as a whole, and also the victimization of African Americans as a whole.The style of the speech is very formal with some hints of informality to help gain appeal to the largely uneducated black population. The diction or word choice is comparable to other political speeches due to the fact that Dr. King must still be very persuasive with is ideas and thoughts. Yet, throughout the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, one may find a bit of black gospel within it. The images and the allusions are heavily religious, reminiscent of a Sunday church service. The tone is both informative and argumentative.The claims he makes are very clear: 1) American has defaulted on its promise in that all men are created equal 2) The black people of the U. S. are still not â€Å"free. † 3) Now is the time to make changes. 4) As, King suggests, â€Å"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst f or freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred† (p. 2) People should move forward to spread the message that freedom is a part of every U. S. citizen’s life, even blacks. In terms of support, King uses biblical references along with his very overt in using his own testimony of what is happening in the United States. That one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low†¦ the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together† (p. 1). In terms of â€Å"artificial† support, King uses many different kinds of pathos. Beginning with a long allegory about Negro freedom and banking, King uses the imagery of being behind a great leader, Abraham Lincoln. One could easily make a case that the imagery is also linked to ethos, since Lincoln was the father of the Emancipation Proclamation and freed all slaves.Towards the end of the speech, there is a surge of pathos, as King discusses the brutality that the Negros have experience and the basic everyday life of the Negros who are unable to find jobs, stay in hotels, etc. Towards the absolute close of the speech, King launches into a long discussion of a possible and decent future, using images of children playing together. While the introduction of the speech comes from Lincoln, the conclusion uses lyrics from the song â€Å"America†. Additionally, he gives a sort of shout out to the people of the United States, saying: â€Å"Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York†¦Pennsylvania†¦ Colorado†¦ California† (p. 2). In the end, King closes with words from an old Negro spiritual: â€Å"Freed at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last† (p. 1). King’s style is unique but very easy to discuss. King’s use of ornamentation is made possible through heavy uses of the anaphora. An example of this includes his long series of â€Å"I have a dream†¦ â₠¬  statements, where he states: â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed†¦I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judge by the color of their skin but by the content of their character† (p. 2). Further, King makes heavy use of listing. In one passage, he states: â€Å"Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina†¦ † (p. 2), which he mixes with a sort of anaphora. King uses a large allegory in the beginning of the speech, again comparing banking to the rights of black U. S. citizens. Overall, the speech is very much loaded with rhetorical techniques.King as an accomplished civil rights leader is a very talented and persuasive writer. His words are very optimistic and deliberate. He is very conscious of his audience, and he is very commanding of his wording to avoid hurting his credibility with this audience. The image I have chosen shows a group of men at a civil rights rally. All eyes, including a white man’s, are focused on Dr. King as he gives a speech promoting a higher equality for black citizens of America. There are signs in the background that say â€Å"full employment†, but the most powerful aspect f the picture is that there is a white man and a black man holding hands. The symbolism in which they are holding hands is incredibly powerful. At first thought people believe that all white men are against the idea of blacks having an equal opportunity, and for the most part that is true, but the fact that they are holding hands at a public speech is very powerful. I have a dream speech text I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a grea t beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.This note was a promise that all men, ye s, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked â€Å"insufficient funds. † But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.So we have come to cash this check — a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights.The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, â€Å"When will you be sat isfied? † We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one.We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating â€Å"For Whites Only†. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells.Some of you have come from areas wher e your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. † I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be abl e to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black irls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, â€Å"My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring. † And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring f rom the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, â€Å"Free at last! ree at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last! † Work Cited Harrison, James H. â€Å"Ten Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes. † The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 20 Fe b. 2013. Kanalley, Craig. â€Å"I Have A Dream Speech (TEXT). † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 17 Jan. 2011. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. Mlk Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream†? The â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech has very simple diction and context. The author of the â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech is Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. King and is known for his work in Civil Rights during the late 1950s and mid1960s. The purpose of this speech is to inspire change in both white and black citizens of the United States during the Civil Rights era. The main idea of the speech is to convince both sides of the discussion that they must accept change in a non-violent yet effective way.Finally, the audience of the speech is very broad as it spans across all colors and ages however, one should note that since the speech is given in Washington, it can be assumed that the speech attempts to engage lawmaker’s and policy maker’s ears. The tone of Dr. King’s speech is somewhat narrative yet argumentative. The speech conveys many of his personal thoughts and experiences . However, there is a strong position taken against the crimes of â€Å"white† citizens and the nation as a whole, and also the victimization of African Americans as a whole.The style of the speech is very formal with some hints of informality to help gain appeal to the largely uneducated black population. The diction or word choice is comparable to other political speeches due to the fact that Dr. King must still be very persuasive with is ideas and thoughts. Yet, throughout the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, one may find a bit of black gospel within it. The images and the allusions are heavily religious, reminiscent of a Sunday church service. The tone is both informative and argumentative.The claims he makes are very clear: 1) American has defaulted on its promise in that all men are created equal 2) The black people of the U. S. are still not â€Å"free. † 3) Now is the time to make changes. 4) As, King suggests, â€Å"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst f or freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred† (p. 2) People should move forward to spread the message that freedom is a part of every U. S. citizen’s life, even blacks. In terms of support, King uses biblical references along with his very overt in using his own testimony of what is happening in the United States. That one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low†¦ the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together† (p. 1). In terms of â€Å"artificial† support, King uses many different kinds of pathos. Beginning with a long allegory about Negro freedom and banking, King uses the imagery of being behind a great leader, Abraham Lincoln. One could easily make a case that the imagery is also linked to ethos, since Lincoln was the father of the Emancipation Proclamation and freed all slaves.Towards the end of the speech, there is a surge of pathos, as King discusses the brutality that the Negros have experience and the basic everyday life of the Negros who are unable to find jobs, stay in hotels, etc. Towards the absolute close of the speech, King launches into a long discussion of a possible and decent future, using images of children playing together. While the introduction of the speech comes from Lincoln, the conclusion uses lyrics from the song â€Å"America†. Additionally, he gives a sort of shout out to the people of the United States, saying: â€Å"Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York†¦Pennsylvania†¦ Colorado†¦ California† (p. 2). In the end, King closes with words from an old Negro spiritual: â€Å"Freed at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last† (p. 1). King’s style is unique but very easy to discuss. King’s use of ornamentation is made possible through heavy uses of the anaphora. An example of this includes his long series of â€Å"I have a dream†¦ â₠¬  statements, where he states: â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed†¦I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judge by the color of their skin but by the content of their character† (p. 2). Further, King makes heavy use of listing. In one passage, he states: â€Å"Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina†¦ † (p. 2), which he mixes with a sort of anaphora. King uses a large allegory in the beginning of the speech, again comparing banking to the rights of black U. S. citizens. Overall, the speech is very much loaded with rhetorical techniques.King as an accomplished civil rights leader is a very talented and persuasive writer. His words are very optimistic and deliberate. He is very conscious of his audience, and he is very commanding of his wording to avoid hurting his credibility with this audience. The image I have chosen shows a group of men at a civil rights rally. All eyes, including a white man’s, are focused on Dr. King as he gives a speech promoting a higher equality for black citizens of America. There are signs in the background that say â€Å"full employment†, but the most powerful aspect f the picture is that there is a white man and a black man holding hands. The symbolism in which they are holding hands is incredibly powerful. At first thought people believe that all white men are against the idea of blacks having an equal opportunity, and for the most part that is true, but the fact that they are holding hands at a public speech is very powerful. I have a dream speech text I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a grea t beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.This note was a promise that all men, ye s, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked â€Å"insufficient funds. † But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.So we have come to cash this check — a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights.The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone.As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, â€Å"When will you be sat isfied? † We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one.We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating â€Å"For Whites Only†. We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells.Some of you have come from areas wher e your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. † I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be abl e to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black irls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, â€Å"My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring. † And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring f rom the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, â€Å"Free at last! ree at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last! † Work Cited Harrison, James H. â€Å"Ten Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes. † The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 20 Fe b. 2013. Kanalley, Craig. â€Å"I Have A Dream Speech (TEXT). † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 17 Jan. 2011. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

Free Essays on Diversity Of Learners

INTRODUCTION Knowledge DIVERSITY OF LEARNERS Consider this question often asked? What specific knowledge and skills should all students learn? How do we decide what is in or out of the curriculum? Should all students learn the same content, or should it differ for those with different aspirations, abilities, and interest? If we agree that we want students to have more than a temporary acquaintance with important concepts and skills, how do we modify the curriculum so that there is adequate time for in-dept learning? How do we assess that kind of learning? How do we incorporate the growing body of research that indicates that the most effective teaching strategies are highly content-specific strategies and that content and instruction are inseparable (National Research Council, 2000) Stating exactly what the curriculum is supposed to achieve is essential to defining who should learn what. Curriculum goals might include more students achieving higher scores on the statewide test or increased acceptance rates to prestigious universities. Thinking more about the students, we may expect the curriculum to prepare students to succeed in the workplace, help them become well-informed and thoughtful citizens. By defining the desired outcome first, we established that these learning goals should not be constrained by the traditional content that was reflected in the curriculum or textbooks in the United States and other countries, but should instead reflect the most useful content in broad personal and social context. It is the expectation that all students be expected to reach the learning goals recommended as core content in science, mathematics, and technology. A popular strategy is to ask for more than we think most students can achieve and then settle for less. Preparing students for success in life and getting into the â€Å"right† college need not be mutually exclusive. If learning is the goal, the curriculum mu... Free Essays on Diversity Of Learners Free Essays on Diversity Of Learners INTRODUCTION Knowledge DIVERSITY OF LEARNERS Consider this question often asked? What specific knowledge and skills should all students learn? How do we decide what is in or out of the curriculum? Should all students learn the same content, or should it differ for those with different aspirations, abilities, and interest? If we agree that we want students to have more than a temporary acquaintance with important concepts and skills, how do we modify the curriculum so that there is adequate time for in-dept learning? How do we assess that kind of learning? How do we incorporate the growing body of research that indicates that the most effective teaching strategies are highly content-specific strategies and that content and instruction are inseparable (National Research Council, 2000) Stating exactly what the curriculum is supposed to achieve is essential to defining who should learn what. Curriculum goals might include more students achieving higher scores on the statewide test or increased acceptance rates to prestigious universities. Thinking more about the students, we may expect the curriculum to prepare students to succeed in the workplace, help them become well-informed and thoughtful citizens. By defining the desired outcome first, we established that these learning goals should not be constrained by the traditional content that was reflected in the curriculum or textbooks in the United States and other countries, but should instead reflect the most useful content in broad personal and social context. It is the expectation that all students be expected to reach the learning goals recommended as core content in science, mathematics, and technology. A popular strategy is to ask for more than we think most students can achieve and then settle for less. Preparing students for success in life and getting into the â€Å"right† college need not be mutually exclusive. If learning is the goal, the curriculum mu...

Bay Of Pigs The Failed Invasion Essay

Bay Of Pigs: The Failed Invasion Essay, Research Paper Bay of Pigs: The Failed Invasion The narrative of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of misdirection, certitude, and deficiency of security. The incrimination for the failure of the operation falls straight in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a immature president along with his advisers. The autumn out from the invasion caused a rise in tenseness between the two great world powers and ironically, 38 old ages after the event, the individual whom the invasion was meant to tumble, Fidel Castro is still in power. To understand the beginnings of the invasion and its branchings for the hereafter, it is first necessary to look at the invasion and its beginnings. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few yearss before the bombardment of Cuba on April fifteenth by what appeared to be deserting Cuban air force pilots. At 6 a.m. on that Saturday, B-26 bombers bombed three Cuban military bases. The landing fields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de Los Banos and Antonio Maceo airdrome at Santiago de Cuba were fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and 47 people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, seemingly to desert to the United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the authorities in expatriate, in New York City released a statement stating, ? The bombardments in Cuba were carried out by? Cubans inside Cuba? who were? in contact with? the top bid of the Revolutionary Council. ? The New York Times newsman covering the narrative alluded to something being incorrect with the whole state of affairs. He wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had merely decided to go forth Cuba on Thursday after a suspected treachery by a fellow pilot had precipitated a secret plan to strike. Whatever the instance, the planes came down in Miami subsequently that forenoon. One landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at Miami International Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were severely damaged and their fuel armored combat vehicles were about empty. On the front page of The New York Times the following twenty-four hours, a image of a B-26 was shown along with a image of one of the pilots have oning a baseball chapeau and concealing behind dark dark glassess. His name was withheld. Even at this early phase, a sense of confederacy had begun to unknot the events of that hebdomad. In the early hours of April seventeenth, the assault on the Bay of Pigs began in a cloak and sticker manner. The assault began at 2 a.m. with a squad of? divers? traveling ashore with orders to put up set downing visible radiations. Those visible radiations indicated to the chief assault force the precise location of their aims, every bit good as to unclutter the country of anything that may hinder the chief landing squads when they arrived at 2:30 a.m. At 3:00 ante meridiem, two battalions came ashore at Playa Gir? N and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The military personnels at Playa Gir? N had orders to travel west, north-west, up the seashore and meet with the military personnels at Playa Larga in the center of the bay. A little group of work forces were so to be sent North to the town of Jaguey Grande to procure it every bit good. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that military personnels would hold jobs in the country that was chosen for them to set down. The country around the Bay of Pigs is a boggy fen land country which would be hard on the military personnels. The Cuban forces were speedy to respond and Castro ordered his T-33 trainer jets, along with two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to halt the invading forces. Off the seashore were the bid and control ship and another vas transporting supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force made speedy work of the supply ships, droping the bid vas, Marsopa, and the supply ship, Houston, blaring them to pieces with five-inch projectiles. Lost with the Houston was the 5th battalion every bit good as the supplies for the landing squads and eight other smaller vass. With some of the invading forces? ships destroyed, and no bid and control ship, the logistics of the operation shortly broke down as the other supply ships were kept at bay by Casto? s air force. As with many failed military escapades, one of the jobs with this 1 was with providing the military personnels. In th e air, Castro had easy won high quality over the incursive force. His fast traveling T-33s, although unimpressive by today? s criterions, made short work of the slow traveling B-26s of the occupying force. On Tuesday, two were shot out of the sky and by Wednesday, the encroachers had lost 10 of their 12 aircraft. With air power steadfastly in control of Castro? s forces, the terminal was near for the incursive ground forces. During the seventy-two-hour invasion, the Cubans pounded the occupying force of about 1500 work forces. The encroachers? arms were no lucifer for Castro? s 122mm Howitzers, 22mm cannons, and armored combat vehicle fire. By Wednesday the encroachers were pushed back to their landing zone at Playa Gir? N. Surrounded by Castro? s forces, some surrendered while others fled into the hills. One hundred 14 work forces were killed in the slaughter while 36 died as captives in Cuban cells. Others were to populate out twenty old ages or more in those cells for plotting to tumble the authorities of Castro. The work forces of the occupying force neer had a opportunity for success from about the first yearss in the planning phase of the operation. Operation Pluto, as it came to be known, has its beginnings in the last yearss of the Eisenhower Administration and the cloudy clip period during the passage of power to the freshly elected president, John F. Kennedy. In late 1958, Castro was still contending a guerilla war against the corrupt government of Fulgencio Batista. Before he came to power, there was an incident between his military personnels and some vacationing American military personnels from the nearby American naval base at Guantanamo Bay. During the incident, some US Marines were held confined by Casto? s forces but were subsequently released after a ransom was in secret paid. This episode soured dealingss between Castro and the United States. The head of U.S. Naval Operations, Admiral Burke, suggested sending in the Marines to destruct Castro? s forces, but Secretary of State Foster Dulles disagreed. Originally Castro was non a Communist ; he even had meetings with Vice President Richard Nixon. Fearful of Castro? s revolution, people with money, including physicians, attorneies, and the Mafia, left Cuba for the United States. To forestall the loss of more capital Castro? s solution was to nationalise some of the concerns in Cuba. In the procedure of nationalising some concern? he came into struggle with American involvements. Legitimate U.S. concerns were taken over, and the procedure of socialisation begun with small if any talk of compensation. Following rumours of Cuban engagement in be aftering to occupy Panama, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic, the US Government refused Castro any economic assistance. After being rejected by the Americans, he met with Russia? s foreign curate Anasta Mikoyan to procure a $ 100 million loan from the Soviet Union. It was in this ambiance that American Intelligence and Foreign Relations communities decided that Castro was tilting towards co mmunism and had to be dealt with. In the spring of 1960, President Eisenhower approved a program to direct little groups of trained Americans, Cuban exiles, to work in the resistance as guerillas to subvert Castro. By the autumn, the program was changed to a full invasion with air support by expatriate Cubans in American supplied planes. The original group was to be trained in Panama, but with the growing of the operation and the accelerating gait of events in Cuba, it was decided to travel things to a base in Guatemala. The program was going rushed and this would get down to demo. The adult male in charge of the operation, CIA Deputy Director Bissell said, ? There didn? T seem to be clip to maintain to the original program and have a big group trained by this initial cell of immature Cubans. So the larger group was formed and established at La Finca, in Guatemala, and at that place the preparation was conducted wholly by Americans. ? By now it was autumn and President John F. Kennedy had replaced President Eisenhower. President Kennedy could hold stopped the invasion if he wanted to, but he likely did non make so for several grounds. First, he had campaigned for some signifier of action against Cuba and it was besides the tallness of the cold war. To endorse out now would intend holding groups of Cuban expatriates going around the Earth claiming the Americans had backed down on the Cuban issue. In competition with the Soviet Union, endorsing out would do the Americans appear as chickens on the international scene. On the domestic place forepart, the new president would be seen as endorsing off from one of his run promises. The failure at the CIA led to Kennedy doing hapless determinations, impacting future dealingss with Cuba and the Soviet Union. Three grounds caused failure at the CIA central office. First, the incorrect people were managing the operation ; secondly, the bureau in charge of the operation was besides the one supplying all the intelligence for the operation ; and thirdly, the operation had security jobs. In charge of the operation was the Director of Central Intelligence, Allan Dulles and chief duty for the operation was left to one of his deputies, Richard Bissell. In an intelligence community geared chiefly for European operations against the USSR, both work forces lacked experience in Latin American personal businesss. Those in charge of Operation Pluto based this new operation on the success of the Guatemalan escapade, but the state of affairs in Cuba was much different than that in Guatemala. In Guatemala, the state of affairs was still helter-skelter and John Arbenz neer had the same control over the state like Castro had on Cuba. The CIA had the United States Ambassador, John Puerifoy, working on the interior of Guatemala organizing the attempt. In Cuba, they had none of this while the Soviet block was providing Castro. Furthermore, after the overthrow of the authorities in Guatemala, Castro was cognizant that this may go on to him every bit good and likely had his guard up waiting for anything that my indicate an invasion was at hand. The 2nd job was the nature of the bureaucratism itself. The CIA was a new child on the block, and experiencing it had to turn out itself, saw its chance in Cuba. Obsessed with secretiveness, it kept the figure of people involved to a lower limit. The intelligence wing of CIA was kept out of it, although their Board of National Estimates could hold provided information on the state of affairs in Cuba and the opportunities for an rebellion against Castro one time the invasion started. Besides kept out of the cringle were the State Department and the Joint Chiefs of Staff who could hold provided aid on the military side of the escapade. In the terminal, the CIA kept all the information for itself and passed on to the president O nly what it thought he should see. Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, in Political Science Quarterly of 1984, based his analysis of the Bay of Pigs failure on organisational behaviour theory. He says, ? The CIA supplied President Kennedy and his advisors with chosen studies on the undependability of Castro? s forces and the extent of Cuban dissent. ? Of the CIA? s behaviour he concludes, ? By fall backing to the typical organisation scheme of specifying the options and supplying the information required to measure them, the CIA therefore structured the job in a manner that maximized the likeliness the president would take the bureau? s preferred option. ? The CIA made certain the deck was stacked in their favour when the clip came to make up ones mind whether a undertaking they sponsored was sound or non. President Kennedy? s Secretary of State at the clip was Dean Rusk. In his autobiography he stated, ? The CIA told us all kinds of things about the state of affairs in Cuba and what would go on one time the brigade got ashore. President Kennedy received information that merely was non right. For illustration, he was told the elements of the Cuban armed forces would desert and fall in the brigade. Besides there would be popular rebellions throughout Cuba when the brigade hit the beach, and if the expatriate force got into problem, its members would merely run into the countryside and go guerillas, merely as Castro had done. ? As for senior White House Plutos, most of them disagreed with the program every bit good, but Rusk said, ? Kennedy went with what the CIA had to say. ? As for himself, he said, ? He did non function President Kennedy really good, ? and he should hold voiced his resistance louder. He concluded, ? I should hold made my resistance clear in the meetings themselves bec ause he ( Kennedy ) was under force per unit area from those who wanted to proceed. ? When the president was faced with colored information from quiet advisers and the CIA, there was no inquiry why the president decided to travel in front with the operation. For an organisation that deals with security issues, the CIA? s deficiency of security in the Bay of Pigs operation is dry. Security began to interrupt down before the invasion when The New York Times reporter Tad Szulc? . . . learned of Operation Pluto from Cuban friends. . . ? earlier that twelvemonth while in Costa Rica covering an Organization of American States meeting. Another dislocation in security was at the preparation base in Florida. Local occupants near Homestead Air Force Base had seen Cubans boring and heard their speaker units at a farm. As a gag, some bangers were thrown into the compound. The resulting incident saw the Cubans firing their guns and the federal governments holding to convert the local governments non to press charges. Operation Pluto was get downing to be blown broad unfastened, the advantage of surprise was lost even this early in the game. After the initial bombardment foray of April fifteenth, and the landing of the B-26s in Florida, images of the planes were taken and published in newspapers. In the exposure of one of the planes, the olfactory organ of it is opaque whereas the theoretical account of the B-26 the Cubans truly used had a Plexiglas olfactory organ. The CIA had taken the planes to mask the B-26 with? FAR? markers ( Cuban Air Force ) . The bureau overlooked a important item that was spotted instantly by professional perceivers. Castro? s people merely had to read the newspapers to larn something was traveling to go on. The planes that bombed them were non their ain but American. In The New York Times on the twenty-first of April, stories about the beginnings of the operation in the Eisenhower disposal appeared with headlines, ? CIA Had a Role in Exiles? Plan s, ? uncovering the CIA? s engagement. By the twenty-second, the narrative is broad unfastened with headlines in The New York Times saying, ? CIA is accused by Bitter Rebels? and on the 2nd page of that twenty-four hours? s issue is a full article on the inside informations of the operation from its beginnings. The decision one can pull from the articles in The New York Times is, if newsmans knew the whole narrative by the twenty-second, it can be expected that Castro? s intelligence service along with the Soviet Union knew about the planned invasion every bit good. Tad Szulc? s study in the April 22nd edition of The New York Times says it all, . . . ? As has been an unfastened secret in Florida and Central America for months, the CIA planned, coordinated and directed the operations that ended in licking on a beachhead in southern Cuba Wednesday. ? It is clear now ; portion of the failure of the operation was caused by a deficiency of security and attending to detail on the portion of the Central Intelligence Agency, and misinformation given to the president. On the international scene, the Bay of Pigs invasion lead straight to increased tensenesss between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the invasion, messages were exchanged between Kennedy and Khrushchev sing the events in C uba. Khrushchev accused the Americans of being involved in the invasion. Stating in one of his messages, ? That a alleged? little war? can bring forth a concatenation reaction in all parts of the universe. We shall render the Cuban people and their Government all necessary aid in crushing back the armed onslaught on Cuba. ? Kennedy replied, giving American positions on democracy and the containment of communism. He besides warned against Soviet engagement in Cuba, stating to Khrushchev, ? In the event of any military intercession by outside force we will instantly honour our duties under the inter-American system to protect this hemisphere against external aggression. ? However, this crisis passed, but it set the phase for the following major crisis over Soviet atomic missiles in Cuba and likely led to the Soviets increasing their military support for Castro. In the disposal itself, the Bay of Pigs crisis led to a few alterations. First, person had to take the incrimination for the matter and, as Director of Central Intelligence, Allen Dulles was forced to vacate and left CIA in November of 1961. Internally, the CIA was neer the same, and although it continued with covert operations against Castro, it was on a much-reduced graduated table. Harmonizing to a study of the Select Senate Committee on Intelligence, ? Future operations were to nurture a spirit of opposition and alienation which could take to important desertions and other byproducts of unrest. ? The CIA besides now came under the supervising of the president? s brother Bobby, the Attorney General. Harmonizing to Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, the result of the Bay of Pigs failure besides made th e White House suspicious of an operation that everyone agreed to, made them less loath to oppugn the experts, and made them play? annoy? s advocators? when oppugning them. In the terminal, the lessons learned from the Bay of Pigs failure may hold contributed to the successful handling of the Cuban missile crisis that followed. The long-run branchings of the Bay of Pigs invasion are a small harder to measure. The ultimate indicant of the invasion failure is that 38 old ages subsequently Castro is still in power. This non merely indicates the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, but American policy towards Cuba in general. The American policy instead than sabotaging Castro? s support, has likely contributed to it. As with many wars, even a cold one, the leader is able to beat up his people around him against an attacker. No longer having aid from the Soviet Union, things were get downing to alter. He has opened the Cuban economic system for some investing, chiefly in telecommunication s, oil geographic expedition, and joint ventures. In an effort to remain in power, he is seeking to accommodate his state to the new world of the universe. Rather than stamp downing the educated elite, he is giving them a topographic point in steering Cuba. The inquiry is, will they finally want more power and a right to command Cuba? s destiny without Castro? s counsel and support? If the prostration of past governments is any indicant, they will finally desire more power. When Castro came to power in 1959, his major American oppositions, as with Guatemala, were the concern involvements who were losing out as a consequence of his constabularies. The major force per unit area for the Americans to make something came, non merely from the Cuban expatriates in Florida, but from those concerns. Today, the tabular arraies are turned and concerns are losing out because of the American trade stoppage against Cuba. It is estimated that if the trade stoppage were lifted, $ 1 billion of concern would be generated for US companies the first twelvemonth. As of now, 100 houses have talked to Cuba about making concern at that place after the trade stoppage is lifted. Will American policy alteration toward Cuba because of force per unit area from concern involvements and turning jobs with refugees from Cuba? Given the grounds why the United States got involved in Latin American political relations in the first topographic point, it is really likely their place will al ter if they can happen a face salvaging manner to make so. American policy at this clip though is still stuck in the cold war. The president of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Jesse Helms said, ? Whether Castro leaves Cuba in a perpendicular or horizontal place is up to him and the Cuban people. But he must and will go forth Cuba. ? Misinformation and misdirection caused the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. The effects were the? egg in the face? for the Americans and an addition in tenseness between the world powers at the tallness of the cold war. We will merely hold to wait and see if the Americans have truly learned their lesson and will non lose another chance to put things right in Cuba. ? This image was taken of President Kennedy walking with three Cuban Exiles in 1961. Fedarko, Kevin. ? Bereft of Patrons: Desperate to Rescue his Economy, Fidel Turns to an Unusual Solution: Capitalism. ? Time Magazine, hebdomad of February 20th, 1995. Internet, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timeinc.com, 1995. Meyer, Karl E. and Szulc, Tad. The Cuban Invasion: The Chronicle of a Disaster. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 1962 and 1968. Mosley, Leonard. Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen, and John Foster Dulles and their Family Network. New York: The Dail Press/James Wade, 1978. Prados, John. Presidents? Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. , 1986. Ranelagh, John. CIA: A History. London: BBC Books, 1992. Rositzke, Harry, Ph.d. The CIA? s Secret Operationss: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action. New York: Reader? s Digest Press, 1977. Rusk, Dean and Richard. As I Saw It. New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1990. The New York Times. 16 April to 22 April, 1961. New York: The New York Times, 1961. Vandenbroucke, Lucien S. ? Anatomy of a Failure: The Decision to Land at the Bay of Pigs. ? Political Science Quarterly, Volume 99, Number 3, Fall 1984.